This is not typically seen in regular life — with the possible exception of middle-agers who develop a sudden taste for sports cars and young trophy spouses. The question is, why not?
In what amounts to a technological triumph for the aspiring Benjamin Buttons of the virtual world, a team of quantum physicists reported earlier this year that they had succeeded in creating a computer algorithm that acts like the Fountain of Youth.
Using an IBM quantum computer, they managed to undo the aging of a single, simulated elementary particle by one millionth of a second. But it was a Pyrrhic victory at best, requiring manipulations so unlikely to occur naturally that it only reinforced the notion that we are helplessly trapped in the flow of time.
Most of us already sense that the atoms of a scrambled egg can’t be unscrambled back inside a pristine shell. Now it seems that, under general conditions, even a single particle probably can’t go backward without help and careful tinkering.
“We demonstrate that time-reversing even ONE quantum particle is an unsurmountable task for nature alone,” Valerii M. Vinokur, of Argonne National Laboratory, said in an email message; he is one of the five aspiring time lords led by Gordey B. Lesovik of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
Playing quantum billiards
On paper, the basic laws of physics are reversible; they work mathematically whether time is running forward or backward. But if time is just another dimension of space-time, as Einstein said, it’s a strange one-way dimension. In the real world we can climb out of the subway and turn left or right, but we don’t have the choice of going forward or back in time. We are always headed toward the future.
Left, IBM’s Q dilution refrigerator, which houses a quantum computer. Right, scientists Hanhee Paik and Sarah Sheldon examine hardware inside an open dilution fridge at IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y.
We seem to be at the mercy of the second law of thermodynamics, which states that disorder and complexity only increase in a closed system such as, say, the universe. Thus, the atoms in an egg never unscramble themselves, in part because there are countless more ways for them to be thoroughly scrambled than successfully reassembled.
But the arrow of time takes its direction not only from big numbers. According to quantum theory, that paradoxical body of rules governing the subatomic universe, not even a single particle can reverse its own course through time.
The uncertainty principle, which lies at the heart of quantum mechanics, states that, at any given moment, either the location or the velocity of a subatomic particle can be specified, but not both. As a result, a particle such as an electron, or a system of them, is represented by a mathematical entity called a wave function, whose magnitude is a measure of the probability of finding a particle in a particular place or condition.
The wave function extends throughout space and time. The law describing its evolution, known as the Schrödinger equation, after Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger, is equally valid running forward or backward. But getting a wave function to go in reverse is no small trick.
Dr. Vinokur likened the challenge to sending a speeding billiard ball back to where it started. Seems easy: Just hit it with a cue stick. But if it’s a quantum ball, the uncertainty principle kicks in: You can know how hard to hit the ball, or in which direction to hit it, but not both.
“Because of the uncertainty principle, the quantum ball will never return back to the point of the origin,” Dr. Vinokur said.
Moreover, in quantum mechanics, the ball is actually a wave: Once its location is known, it spreads like ripples on a pond and evolves. Making it go backward takes more than a nudge with a cue stick. It requires reversing the phases of the waves, turning crests into troughs, and so forth, an operation too complex for nature to accomplish on its own.
Yes, no and maybe
Enter the quantum computer.
Unlike regular computers, which process a series of zeros and ones, or bits, quantum computers are made of so-called qubits, each of which can be zero and one at the same time. A quantum computer can perform thousands or millions of calculations simultaneously, so long as nobody looks to see what the answer is until the end.
Many of the largest tech companies, including Google, Microsoft and IBM, are racing to build such machines, which eventually could solve problems that regular computers can’t, such as breaking currently unbreakable cryptographic codes. Some scientists argue that nature itself is a quantum computer, and that the greatest utility of such a computer will be in simulating and exploring the paradoxes of quantum weirdness.
Dr. Lesovik and his colleagues set out to do just that. They wanted to try to make a wave function go backward, using an IBM quantum computer that is available online to the public.
A four-qubit superconducting square circuit in an IBM quantum computer.
IBM Research
“It remains to be seen,” the team wrote in their paper posted online in February, “whether the irreversibility of time is a fundamental law of nature or whether, on the contrary, it might be circumvented.”
The IBM computer they used represents a baby step in the direction of what theorists call “quantum supremacy.” It had only 5 qubits (IBM devices with 16 and 20 qubits are also available), compared to Google’s top-of-the-line 72-qubit “Bristlecone” computer. To keep things even simpler, the group only used two or, sometimes, three of the qubits.
The time-reversal experiment was a four-step process. First the qubits were teed up in a simple initial state that mimicked “an artificial atom,” Dr. Vinokur said. Moreover, the qubits were entangled, by what Einstein called “spooky action at a distance” — whatever happened to one qubit affected measurements of the other one (or two, depending on how many were deployed).
Then the team tapped the qubits with a series of microwave radio pulses, which nudged the qubits from a simple state into more complexity. After a millionth of a second, the scientists then halted this phase — “the evolution program” — and treated the qubits with another microwave pulse, to reverse their phase and ready them to devolve to their youthful selves.
“In graphic language, we convert spreading rings in the pond into the rings that are ready to go back to their origin,” Dr. Vinokur said. That took another millionth of a second.
Finally, the team turned the “evolution” program back on. And the qubits went back to their original alignment — back to their own past. In effect, they got a millionth of a second younger.
The algorithm almost always worked. It succeeded in returning the qubits to their youthful states 85 percent of the time when the calculation involved two qubits, but only half the time when three qubits were used. The authors attributed the reduced reliability to imperfections in the quantum computer, and to the tendency of qubits to fall out of sync when their numbers increase.
Ultimately, it will take machines with hundreds of qubits to achieve the ambitions of quantum mathematicians. When such computers become available, the team’s time-reversal algorithm could be used to test them, Andrey V. Lebedev, a physicist at ETH Zurich in Switzerland and an author on the paper, said in a news release from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
In the meantime, anyone with a quantum computer can play Benjamin Button, using their algorithm. “Now everybody can make qubits younger,” Dr. Vinokur said.
